by Sydney Pak | Oct 19, 2026 | George Mason University
President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. casts his ballot during the 2025 Philippine midterm elections. Photo: Presidential Communications Office / Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain). In 2022, Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. was elected president of the Philippines. This...
by Matthew Sparks | Apr 28, 2019 | University of Chicago
The fundamental idea of clientelism, at first glance, naturally seems to be a rather undemocratic practice, considering that such patronage-networking effectively encourages outright vote-buying. Indeed, precisely such a type of behavior has been credibly charged with...
